Nine-item self-rating depressive symptoms scale (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, referred to as PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 is a simple, effective depressive symptom assessment tool that is widely used in clinical and research fields. It consists of nine questions covering nine common depressive symptoms, including low mood, loss of interest or happiness, sleep problems, feelings of fatigue, changes in appe...

According to a survey by the World Health Organization, approximately 100 million people around the world currently suffer from depression, and the number is increasing, making it an "epidemic" today. Depression is a symptom of neurosis. It is a disease caused by body dysfunction caused by excessive use of the brain, mental stress, and physical exertion. It includes insomnia, anxiety, hypochondria...

Depression is a serious psychological disorder that often manifests as low mood, loss of interest and pleasure, self-denial, self-blame, and a sense of helplessness, and even suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Symptoms of depression may affect a person's sleep, eating, and daily activities, placing a significant burden on daily life. The causes of depression may be multifactorial and include biologi...